Medicines and Drugs Used in Amoebiasis
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Definition
Amebiasis is an infectious disease caused by a parasitic one-celled microorganism (protozoan) called Entamoeba histolytica. Persons with amebiasis may experience a wide range of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and cramps. The disease may also affect the intestines, liver, or other parts of the body.
Description
Amebiasis, also known as amebic dysentery, is one of the most common parasitic diseases occurring in humans, with an estimated 500 million new cases each year. It occurs most frequently in tropical and subtropical areas where living conditions are crowded, with inadequate sanitation.
Other Drugs
Tetracyclines and paromomycin are also used in the treatment of amoeabiasis as they inhibit the intestinal flora essential for the multiplication of amoebae. Paromomycin is directly amebicidal. It is recommended that anti-amoebic drugs be given along with tetracyclines. It is always best to have a course of metronidazole or tinidazole, to be followed by an intestinal amoebicidal drug.
Drugs for Extra-intestinal Amoebiasis
With the advent of metronidazole and tinidazole all drugs used in amoebic abscess of liver (commonest form of extra-intestinal amoebiasis) have become less important. Drugs like emetine and dehydroemetine are now rarely used.
Chloroquine (Lariago, Resochin)
It is a commonly used drug for malaria and has anti-amoebic effects on liver but no effects on intestinal amoebiasis. It is given for 21 days in hepatic amoebiasis.
Drugs for Protozoal Infections
Protozoa are ‘one-celled’ organisms common organisms are entameba hystolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Amoebiasis, as described above, is caused by E. hystolytica.
Giardia Lamblia is a cosmopolitan protozoa and resides in the small bowels of humans and animals. It is known as ‘Grand old man of intestines’. It causes pain in abdomen, loose stools and bloating. Sometimes there is vomiting and poor absorption of important nutrients. Its treatment is given in the table.
Trichomonas vaginalis, as the name indicates, is a common cause of vaginal infections in females. In males, it may be found in ******* organs (urinary passage, prostate) and is usually without symptoms. However, males may transmit infection to their spouses during active sexual life.
In females, vaginal infection causes foul smelling discharge, irritation, itching, redness, burning during ********* and pain during sexual ***********. Local treatment of vaginitis is described in the chapter on Sexually Transmitted Diseases & AIDS. The oral medicines are described in the table. It is important to treat both the partners for eradication of infection.
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Drugs and Medicines Used in Amoebiasis and Other Protozoal Infections
Definition
Amebiasis is an infectious disease caused by a parasitic one-celled microorganism (protozoan) called Entamoeba histolytica. Persons with amebiasis may experience a wide range of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and cramps. The disease may also affect the intestines, liver, or other parts of the body.
Description
Amebiasis, also known as amebic dysentery, is one of the most common parasitic diseases occurring in humans, with an estimated 500 million new cases each year. It occurs most frequently in tropical and subtropical areas where living conditions are crowded, with inadequate sanitation.
Other Drugs
Tetracyclines and paromomycin are also used in the treatment of amoeabiasis as they inhibit the intestinal flora essential for the multiplication of amoebae. Paromomycin is directly amebicidal. It is recommended that anti-amoebic drugs be given along with tetracyclines. It is always best to have a course of metronidazole or tinidazole, to be followed by an intestinal amoebicidal drug.
Drugs for Extra-intestinal Amoebiasis
With the advent of metronidazole and tinidazole all drugs used in amoebic abscess of liver (commonest form of extra-intestinal amoebiasis) have become less important. Drugs like emetine and dehydroemetine are now rarely used.
Chloroquine (Lariago, Resochin)
It is a commonly used drug for malaria and has anti-amoebic effects on liver but no effects on intestinal amoebiasis. It is given for 21 days in hepatic amoebiasis.
Drugs for Protozoal Infections
Protozoa are ‘one-celled’ organisms common organisms are entameba hystolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Amoebiasis, as described above, is caused by E. hystolytica.
Giardia Lamblia is a cosmopolitan protozoa and resides in the small bowels of humans and animals. It is known as ‘Grand old man of intestines’. It causes pain in abdomen, loose stools and bloating. Sometimes there is vomiting and poor absorption of important nutrients. Its treatment is given in the table.
Trichomonas vaginalis, as the name indicates, is a common cause of vaginal infections in females. In males, it may be found in ******* organs (urinary passage, prostate) and is usually without symptoms. However, males may transmit infection to their spouses during active sexual life.
In females, vaginal infection causes foul smelling discharge, irritation, itching, redness, burning during ********* and pain during sexual ***********. Local treatment of vaginitis is described in the chapter on Sexually Transmitted Diseases & AIDS. The oral medicines are described in the table. It is important to treat both the partners for eradication of infection.
Surprise Results For Urinary Tract Infections, Vaginitis And Sexually Transmitted Diseases In African Trial
Trials in Ghana, West Africa, on Malaria victims using a new recently patented advanced colloidal silver solution have had some pleasant side effects. Not only did the advanced silver solution have amazing effects on the malaria, but it also proved to be effective against Urinary Tract Infections, Sexually Transmitted Diseases such as gonorrhea, skin infections and parasites that were also present in those malaria patients. West Africa is riddled with all kinds of nasty diseases, so there was no harsher environment for this trial.
The new advanced silver solution is produced by American Biotech Labs and marketed by Nutronix International. American Biotech Labs supplied about 1000 of the 8oz bottles of the advanced colloidal silver for the Ghanaian human trials. The trials were conducted across 4 Ghanaian clinics/hospitals. The silver solution is known to be effective against a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, molds and yeasts, yet it does not harm the friendly bacteria that we need in our stomach for digestion.
The Ghanaian human trials support many US laboratory trials conducted by a number of top US university and research establishments. Although colloidal silver has been around for decades having originally been patented in 1924, this new advanced colloidal silver solution has been able to demonstrate a new technology and capabilities. This culminated in a new patent in 2006, representing a major advance in this area.
Numerous claims are made by the patent application that was accepted in 2006. Amongst the patents claims is that it exhibits antimicrobial properties against microbes including gonorrhea, urinary tract infections, vaginal infections, trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans. These claims have been independently accepted and validated by the US Patent Office due to the level of hard evidence supporting the claims. This evidence includes the Ghanaian malaria trials.
In US laboratory trials it was established that due to the high potency of the new advanced colloidal silver and its multiple kill mechanisms against bacteria and viruses; urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases could be killed at extremely low concentrations of the silver suspension in water.
Urinary tract infections such as Pseudomonas Aeruginosa was killed at just 5.0 parts per million (that is 5 parts of silver to 999,995 parts of water) whilst other urinary tract infections; Streptococcus Faecalis, E.Coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Enterobacter Aerpyogenes were killed at a mere 2.5 parts per million.
Furthermore, the yeast infection, Candida albicans and the vaginitis infection Trichomonas vaginalis were both killed at only 10.0 parts per million.
There are actually many more bacteria, viruses, molds and yeasts listed on the patent, which are not relevant to this article.The advanced silver solution is commercially available at 14 parts per million, which is clearly strong enough for most requirements, whilst still being at extremely low concentrations. Most other colloidal silvers have to be hundreds or even thousands of parts per million to even come close to achieving the same results.
The potency at such low concentrations results from the unique manufacturing method. It makes the new silver solution even safer as the vast majority of its mass is just pure water. The new advanced silver solution is a clear transparent liquid, whilst most other colloidal silvers usually have a brown tinge to them and there is hardly any taste to it.
Treatment of Common Gynaecological Aliments
A man can do almost everything a woman does with one big exception i.e., he cannot conceive and give birth to a child. He lacks the apparatus for multiplication which a woman possesses. In India the number of doctors who specialise in women’s reproductive health i.e. the gynaecologists and obstetricians are few in proportion to the female population, and for this reason, a large number of women suffer discomfort, pain and illness. Unless treated in time this may not always be of short duration. All female ailments may not need drug treatment, some can be alleviated by other procedures. In this chapter we will try to cover both of them.
Vaginal Discharge
Abnormal vaginal discharge is a common complaint across all age groups. The discharge may be due to excessive (physiological) formation of secretions or due to an infections. When it is not due to infection, the discharge does not have any foul smell and does not cause irritation and itching. This is called as Leucorrhoea and is seen around ovulation, during sexual excitement and before menstruation. This discharge can be due to hormonal changes also.
Discharge due to infection is foul smelling and causes much irritation. Non-specific vaginitis occurs commonly in debilitated women, pill users, pregnancy and diabetics. Specific infections occur due to candida (fungus), trichomonas (one celled parasite) or bacteria. Poor hygiene predisposes to such infections.
If discharge has blood, it there maybe some serious cause. It could be a tumor (cancer) or polyp (a mass) inside the ******* tract. If there is a painful ulcer on vulva, it can be due to virus (Herpes). Sometimes a foreign (extraneous) body such as Copper-T and tampoons may cause infection and need removal. Thinning of layers of ****** may occur at menopause so an estrogen cream may help.
High standards of personal hygiene are an essential part of the treatment. A number of are available.
Lactobacilli (Myconip, vaginal tab) is used to restore vaginal acidity and thus reduce bacterial growth. Lactobacilli is also useful in leucorrhoea and recurrent vaginits. A number of fixed dose combinations or kits are available for treatment of mixed vaginal infections: Tinidazole 1g (2 tabs) + Fluconazole 150 mg (1 cap) in a single dose (Azostat, Nuforce); and Azithromycin 1 g + Fluconazole ISO mg + Secnidazole 2g (AZITHRAL-XP).
Dysmenorrhoea (Painful Menstruation)
It means painful menstruation. Pain may be cramping in the lower abdomen and its severity may disturb day to day activity. It occurs in 5-10% females. It is called primary when there is no obvious cause. It occurs in teenagers and is usually relieved after pregnancy. It is relieved by pain relievers and antispasmodics (see chapter ‘Pain Relievers’).
Endometriosis (placement of endometrial lining in other pelvic organs such as tubes, cervix or colon) is a common cause of secondary amenorrhoea and requires proper treatment with oral contraceptives or with Danazol (LADOGOL, DANOZEN 100mg). Danazol has anabolic and progesterone like effects and it suppresses ovarian function so less estrogen is formed. Its usual dose is 200-400mg/day. If no relief is obtained, surgical removal of such tissues is recommended.
Pelvic Pain
It is a common symptom of a large number of underlying causes. It can be acute or chronic. The underlying mechanism is irritation of membrane overlying abdominal organs (peritoneum) by infection or blood. It can be due to gynaecological or non-gynaecological causes.
Acute Causes: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ruptured ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, ruptured (bursting) cyst of ovary or abortion.
Chronic Causes: Pelvic inflammatory disease (Tuberculosis) endometriosis, IUCD users, chronic cervicitis or tumors.
In addition to the above causes, many diseases of large bowel, kidney and spine present with lower abdominal and back pain, appendicitis, stone in ureter or urinary bladder, lumbar-disc prolapse, and amoebiasis are some of the causes.
After ascertaining diagnosis by PV (Per Vaginal) examination, ultrasound, urine examination and biopsy (if required), a gynaecologist usually prescribes pain relievers and antispasmodics described in chapter on Pain Relievers. Anxiolytic drugs help if psychosomatic trouble is detected. A number of antibiotics are available in combination with metronidazole, tinidazole or ornidazole. Such combinations are quite commonly used for 1 to 2 week to treat PID.
